INGEDE-Methoden
Diese Dokumente wurden von der INGEDE, ihren Mitgliedern und Forschungspartnern entwickelt und veröffentlicht. Im Rahmen des EcoPaperLoop-Projekts wurden einige INGEDE-Methoden in mehrere Sprachen übersetzt. Jedoch ist im Falle einer Abweichung die englische Version die einzig gültige.
INGEDE-Methode 1
Herstellung von Probeblättern und Filtraten aus Deinkingstoff für die Bestimmung optischer Eigenschaften
Original: Test sheet preparation of pulps and filtrates from deinking processes (Update Dec 2014)
Pulp made of paper for recycling typically contains printing inks which influence its optical properties. Cleaning and flotation remove small impurities and printing inks whereby the removal efficiency depends also on the printing process applied. For the determination of the residual ink content, the reflectance of light in the near infrared region is measured. The reflectivity of light gives indication of the fine and filler content which influences the light scattering coefficient and of the ink content that alters the light absorption coefficient. The calculation of scattering coefficients requires paper specimens with an opacity less than 95 % (ISO 9416) that is fulfilled best by machine papers.
Pulp samples taken along the deinking process or pulp samples from deinkability tests (INGEDE Method 11) have to be treated. This INGEDE Method describes the preparation of filter pads where fine and ink losses during preparation are negligible. Filter pads are opaque which hin-ders the calculation of the light scattering coefficient s. Assuming a constant light scattering coefficient is not a recommended approach due to the fact that light scattering varies from pulp to pulp, for example, when the ash content changes. INGEDE Method 1 therefore describes the preparation of handsheets using recirculated water. The method can be used for industrial as well as for laboratory pulp samples.
INGEDE-Methode 2
Bestimmung optischer Eigenschaften von Deinkingstoffen und Filtraten
Measurement of optical characteristics of pulps and filtrates from deinking processes (Update Dec 2014)
Domas scanner size classification file: ingede2.kls
This INGEDE method describes procedures for measuring and calculating various optical
characteristics of pulps and filtrates from deinking processes by means of filter pads and handsheets. The method is applicable for industrial as well as for laboratory samples.
INGEDE-Methode 3
(n/a; enthalten in der Überarbeitung der INGEDE-Methoden 1 und 2)
INGEDE-Methode 4
Bestimmung von Makrostickys in Deinkingstoffen
Analysis of macrostickies in pulps (Updated April 2013)
Domas scanner size classification file: ingede4.kls
Diese INGEDE-Methode dient der Bestimmung von Makrostickys in Deinkingstoffen. Sie basiert auf einer Laborsortierung, deren Rückstand so aufbereitet wird, dass klebende Verunreinigungen bildanalytisch ausgewertet werden können.
Stickies in pulps originate from tacky components in paper for recycling. They cause problems during paper production and converting as well as quality defects.
This INGEDE Method is used to analyse macrostickies in pulps.
INGEDE-Methode 5
Bewertung der Druckfarbenablösung
durch Hyperwäsche mit dem Haindl-McNett-Fraktionator (Nov 2002)
Evaluation of Printing Ink Detachment by Hyperwashing with the Haindl-McNett Classifier (Nov 2002)
Diese INGEDE-Methode beschreibt ein Verfahren zur vergleichenden Bewertung der Druckfarbenablösung von Deinkingstoff. Dabei soll mit Hilfe der Hyperwäsche die bei der Altpapierzerfaserung abgelöste, d. h. nicht mehr an den Fasern gebundene bzw. anhaftende Druckfarbe vollständig aus der Stoffsuspension entfernt und der hypergewaschene Siebrückstand bezüglich seiner optischen Eigenschaften (inkl. Reinheit) beurteilt werden.
INGEDE-Methode 6
Determination of Potential Secondary Stickies by Cationic Precipitation (June 2009)
Tacky contaminants are an important issue in producing and converting paper and board, mainly when using recovered paper as raw material. Secondary stickies – meaning stickies which are formed in the production process – are regarded as very critical.
Industrial processes normally show an anionic charge, unless moved into the cationic range by additives. In these anionic processes the potential secondary stickies can be measured by cationic precipitation.
There is a good correlation between the potential secondary stickies and problems arising from the secondary stickies, particularly when the gravimetric result is completed by a judgement of the shape and tackiness of the precipitate.
The test method covers the analysis of Potential Secondary Stickies by cationic precipitation. It is applicable for pulp and water samples in industrial processes for the production of paper and board. The consistency of the sample should not be higher than 5 %.
INGEDE-Methode 7
Visual Inspection for Recovered Paper for Deinking, Unbaled Delivery (April 2009)
For paper mills using recovered paper for deinking, the quality of recovered paper is very important. Therefore it is desired to inspect as many deliveries as possible. Gravimetric inspection is very accurate but also time consuming. However, the time available for entry inspection is relatively short.
This method provides a practical, quick, reliable and impartial procedure to quantify the portion of unusable material and the composition of a delivery. It mainly applies to recovered paper grade 1.11 according to EN 643 but can also be used for other grades.
This INGEDE method describes a procedure to visually inspect the quality of recovered paper for deinking which is delivered unbaled. The method is suitable for assessing the main components of a recovered paper delivery and for contents of total unwanted material from 1 % to 8 %.
INGEDE-Methode 8
Entry Inspection Deinking Grade Paper for Recycling in Bales (July 2013)
Im Bereich der Warenannahme einer Papier-fabrik steht nur relativ wenig Zeit zur Kontrolle des angelieferten Altpapiers zur Verfügung. Gleichwohl hat die Qualität des Rohstoffs Altpapier entscheidenden Einfluss auf den gesamten Produktionsablauf. Die Art und Weise der Kontrolle wie auch die kontrollierten Qualitätsparameter tragen diesen Gesichtspunkten Rechnung. Die Methode beschreibt keine vollständige Eingangskontrolle, so wird auf die selbstverständliche Überprüfung der Lieferung auf Richtigkeit, Gewicht usw. nicht eingegangen.
Diese Methode dient zur Eingangskontrolle von Altpapierlieferungen in Ballen. Die Schwierigkeit einer Qualitätskontrolle von Altpapierlieferungen in Ballen ist die Teilung der Ladung in bewegliche Einheiten und der erschwerte Zugang zum Balleninneren. Daraus folgen Probleme für eine statistisch gesicherte repräsentative Probenahme, bezogen auf Probemenge und Art und Weise der Probenahme.
Daher wird die Lieferung einer Altpapiersorte als unteilbare Einheit betrachtet, deren Qualität grundsätzlich über die zur Kontrolle ausgewählten Ballen definiert wird. Sollten an dieser Stichprobe Qualitätsmängel festgestellt werden, die eine Ablehnung begründen, so ist die gesamte Lieferung abzulehnen.
INGEDE-Methode 9
(n/a; enthalten in der Überarbeitung der INGEDE-Methoden 1 und 2)
History of INGEDE Method 9 (members only)
INGEDE-Methode 10
(n/a; enthalten in der Überarbeitung der INGEDE-Methoden 1 und 2)
INGEDE-Methode 11
Assessment of Print Product Recyclability — Deinkability Test (NEW: January 2018) History of INGEDE Method 11 (members only)
Das Konzept der „Deinkability Scores“ zur Auswertung der Ergebnisse, die mit einem Test nach der INGEDE-Methode 11 erhalten werden, kann von der EPRC-Webseite heruntergeladen werden.
Good recyclability of print products is crucial for the sustainability of the graphic paper loop. It belongs to the focal work of INGEDE to safeguard and improve recyclability of the input to be used by the recycling paper mills.
One of the measures is to provide tools for the assessment of the recyclability in the two aspects:
- Deinkability
- Screenability of adhesive applications.
The industrial deinking process is complex since it has to cope with different types of inks, and it also has to remove impurities and unwanted materials of all kind. The key process steps for deinking are the detachment of the ink film from the paper, the ink fragmentation into a suitable size range and removal from the pulp slurry. This gives a sufficient and reliable indication on how a print product will perform in an industrial deinking plant.
Flotation is the most widely used technology for ink removal in the paper recycling process. Households are the main source of deinking grade paper for recycling (in many locations, small businesses are allowed to use the same collection systems as households) in deinking plants producing deinked pulp for newsprint, publication and other printing and writing papers. This material has a significant content of papers which are based on mechanical pulp. Such papers usually are pulped in an
alkaline environment and the ink is removed by flotation. Typically, the ink collector is fatty acid based.
A second group of papers used in deinking are medium and high‐quality grades, sourced from offices as well as printing and converting operations. If the raw material is mainly wood free, then near neutral or neutral process conditions, which are not within the scope of this method, are used. However, most print products end up in household collection or are mixed with this material and therefore have to be deinkable under alkaline conditions.
This method has been developed for the uniform assessment of the deinkability of individual print products. The method intentionally dispenses with additional or alternative process steps as dispersing, post‐flotation, washing and bleaching. The deinkability of a printed paper product according to this simple method allows a good prediction of its suitability for deinking on an industrial scale even if the quality levels in a related assessment scheme, e. g. the Deinking Scorecard of the European Paper Recycling Council, are far less demanding than actual industrial quality requirements.
INGEDE-Methode 12
Bewertung der Rezyklierbarkeit von Druckerzeugnissen — Prüfung des Fragmentierverhaltens von Klebstoffapplikationen
Assessing the Recyclability of Printed Products — Testing of Fragmentation Behaviour of Adhesive Applications (Updated Jan 2013)
Diese INGEDE-Methode beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Prüfung des Fragmentier-verhaltens und der Sortierbarkeit von Klebstoffapplikationen. Dieses Verfahren dient – wie auch die Prüfung der Deinkbarkeit nach INGEDE-Methode 11 – der Bewertung der Rezyklierbarkeit von Druckerzeugnissen. Die Methode basiert auf der Forderung, dass Klebstoff-applikationen generell absortierbar sein sollen. Die Sortierbarkeit wird bewertet, indem die Verteilungsfunktion der Makrostickys nach INGEDE-Methode 4 ermittelt wird. Um die Bedingungen in einem Deinkingprozess zu simulieren, wird die zu prüfende Klebstoffapplikation unter Zugabe von Deinkingchemikalien zerkleinert.
Makrostickys sind klebende Partikel im Rejekt einer drucklos betriebenen Laborsortierung, deren Trennelement eine Schlitzplatte darstellt (Bewertung nach INGEDE-Methode 4).
INGEDE-Methode 13
Assessment of the Recyclability of Printed Products – Testing of the Macrosticky Formation Rate of Adhesive Applications (June 2009)
This INGEDE method aims to characterise adhesive applications behaviour (on a weight basis) in terms of macrosticky formation rate during disintegration. For the application of this method it is necessary to know the content of adhesive application in the printed product to be tested. The portion of the adhesive, which is not recovered by this method, is also a measure for microstickies and potential secondary stickies. Thus the test result can be also considered as estimation for not screenable adhesive particles.
INGEDE-Methode 14
Gravimetric Determination of Recovered Paper Composition (April 2009)
This INGEDE method describes a procedure to gravimetrically determine the composition of recovered paper for deinking. It mainly applies to recovered paper grade 1.11 according to EN 643. To be more specific and informative, the allocation criteria may be further differentiated as it is possible in the case of visual inspection.
A sample of a recovered paper is separated manually into different fractions and their portions are determined by weight.
INGEDE-Methode 16-1
Testing recovered paper to cause red colouration in pulp and filtrates. Part 1: Visual assessment (New Jan 2011)
This INGEDE method is used to analyse paper products on whether they show the tendency to cause any red colouration in deinked pulps. This test is primarily used as an entry inspection.
The samples are pulped under alkaline condition at defined pH. The samples are dewatered over a paper filter, then the filtrate is used to evaluate the red colouration visually.
INGEDE-Methode 17
Assessment of microsticky test methods (Jan 2011)
This INGEDE Method describes a procedure to evaluate the efficiency of microsticky test
methods. It serves to characterize methods of measuring the microsticky content regarding their
ability to detect the presence of microstickies in recovered paper pulps and identify them.
INGEDE-Methode 18
(nur für INGEDE-Mitglieder)
Entry inspection of paper for recycling — Catalogue to identify printing and finishing technologies (Feb 2015)
Some printed products which are not suitable for deinking can pollute a significant larger quantity of paper for recycling for deinking mills. Therefore it is helpful to recognise and identify these printed products already at the entry inspection.
Particularly water based flexographic newspapers, inkjet prints, UV cured products and liquid toner prints are detrimental. The other relevant printing methods are listed for the sake of completeness and for the possibility of distinguishing.